A Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility specialists is the total investigation of female hormone framework from youth through menopause with the elements of pituitary, ovaries, and infertility. It encloses zones, for instance, early embryonic development, gametogenesis, reproductive progression, fertilization, pregnancy, endocrinology of reproduction, reproductive immunology and primarily focus on the treatment of hormonal dysfunctions in females and males outside infertility. It is related to the control and function of the different endocrine glands in women, the effects of reproductive events on the endocrine system, and the consequences of endocrine disorders on reproduction.

Gynaecology is the branch of physiology and medicine which deals with the functions and diseases specific to women and girls, especially those affecting the reproductive system (uterus, ovaries, vagina, and Mammary gland) and diagnoses cancer of the reproductive organs includes vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. Obstetrics specifically deals with the wellness of the pregnant woman and her baby. Gynaecologist may be able to treat some areas of infertility. Most OB/GYNs can prescribe dependable fertility medications like clomiphene citrate (Clomid) to help regulate ovulation.

Infertility is a condition characterized by the failure to establish a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse which is called primary infertility. Secondary infertility is when they have previously conceived but are no longer able to. A lack of fertility is called infertility, while a lack of fecundity would be called sterility. Fertility treatments for women may go through surgical procedures (Endometriosis may be treated through laparoscopic surgery), assisted conception which includes intrauterine insemination (IUI), In-vitro fertilization (IVF), Intracytoplasmic sperm injection or oral drugs. Whereas Fertility treatments for men may include Surgery, Treatments for sexual intercourse problems, Hormone treatments and medications, treated with assisted reproductive technology (ART).

Female Infertility treatment depends on the cause, age, and duration of infertile and personal preferences. Because infertility is a complex disorder, treatment involves significant financial, physical, psychological and time commitments. A menstrual cycle that's too long (35 days or more), too short (less than 21 days), irregular or absent can mean that female lack ovulating. Some causes of infertility in women are treatable; for those that are not, assisted conception, surrogacy or adoption could be considered as alternative ways to start a family. The leading causes of Infertility are endometriosis, PCOS, tubal blockage and progressed maternal age that influence egg amount/quality.

Reproductive cancers in men can be found in the testicles, penis and prostate gland and it causes risk to the male population. Prostate cancer is the most common non skin cancer in the United States, Testicular cancer is the most common solid malignancy affecting men ages 15 to 35, and Penile cancer comprises 20% of cancers in men in Asia, South America and Africa. Reproductive dysfunction and malignancies related to the male reproductive system also deals with a serious health concern. Male Reproductive cancers often treated with surgery, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, radiation, or a combination used together.

Endometriosis is a painful disorder in which tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus and the endometrium grows outside the uterus. Endometriosis is usually found in the lower abdomen or pelvis, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tissue around the uterus and ovaries; however, in rare cases it may also occur in other parts of the body. The main symptoms are lower abdominal pain, pain with periods, pelvic pain and infertility. Therapies used to treat endometriosis include Hormonal contraceptives, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) agonists and antagonists, Aromatase inhibitors, Progestin therapy may effective.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects a woman’s hormone levels in reproductive age. Woman with PCOS has increased too much of the male hormone in females. Androgen hormone imbalance in females causes them to skip menstrual periods and makes it harder to get pregnant. Excess androgens can cause hair loss, growth of facial hair and acne problem. The irregularity of periods, excess hair growth and acne may be improved by birth control pills. Efforts made to improve fertility consist of weight loss, clomiphene, or metformin. In vitro fertilization is also used.

STDs are infections that are transmitted during any type of sexual contact which are also known as venereal diseases (VD) or sexually transmitted infections. It also infrequently transmitted by other types of contact by use of unsterilized drug needles, from mother to infant and blood transfusions. Some STDs can cause pelvic infections such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which may cause a tubo-ovarian abscess, which can result in an ectopic pregnancy infertility or even death for a woman. According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2015, nearly 3% Trusted Source of girls aged 15 to 19 years had chlamydia.

To cure infertility many treatments have been available with different success rates. They includes fertility drugs, intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), donor insemination (DI), egg (or embryo) donation and surrogacy. Recent advances or several exciting developments are enhancing the success rate of In-vitro Fertilization which goes through Genetic disease screening, Single-embryo transfer, frozen embryos and new medications.

Assisted reproductive treatment (ART), also known as assisted reproductive technology, refers to treatments and procedures used to assist people in achieving a pregnancy. ART mainly belongs to the field of reproductive endocrinology and infertility and depending on the cause of infertility, many types of treatment may be suggested, it includes In vitro fertilization (IVF), Intrauterine Insemination (IUI), artificial insemination (AI), donor conception, gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), surrogacy etc. Interested in ART should discuss the options with their health care provider and may need to consult a fertility specialist. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common and effective type of ART.

Intrauterine insemination (IUI) involves inserting the sperm directly into the female uterus with the goal of fertilizing an egg at the proper time in the fertile cycle. Mainly couples choose to begin with intrauterine insemination (IUI) because of its lower cost compared to IVF treatment. But IUI is considerably less effective than IVF, and the patient may require multiple cycles before being able to conceive a baby, bringing the overall expenditure closer to half the cost of IVF.

In vitro fertilization is a type of assisted reproductive technology which is used in infertility treatment or genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child. In IVF an egg is fertilized with sperm outside the body in a liquid medium in a specialized lab. The zygote goes through embryo culture for a period of 2–6 days, and then the specialist re-implants the embryos back into the woman’s uterus. This process intends to initiate a successful pregnancy.     

Most of the embryo culture media used in early human IVF was based upon media that were successfully used in animal embryo culture. The goal of embryo culture in an assisted reproductive (ART) technique is to improve the quality of embryos developing inside the laboratory under aseptic conditions on a nutrient medium. The male semen specimen allows fertilizing with the retrieval eggs in a petri dish which contains a culture media and incubated overnight under examination in vitro. It is a critical stage during IVF and requires several steps to ensure a successful IVF cycle.

If the sperm fertilises the egg, it becomes an embryo. The male semen specimen allows fertilizing with the retrieval eggs in a petri dish which contains a culture media and incubated overnight where the conditions for growth and embryo development are perfect. The incubated embryos go through the cell division process which is morula, cleavage and then blastocyst formation occurs. In blastocyst stage implanting embryos in to the infertile uterus boost the chances of pregnancy. After the successful of embryo development, it transfers into the female uterus through the embryo transfer process.

If the sperm fertilises the egg, it becomes an embryo. The male semen specimen allows fertilizing with the retrieval eggs in a petri dish which contains a culture media and incubated overnight where the conditions for growth and embryo development are perfect. The incubated embryos go through the cell division process which is morula, cleavage and then blastocyst formation occurs. In blastocyst stage implanting embryos in to the infertile uterus boost the chances of pregnancy. After the successful of embryo development, it transfers into the female uterus through the embryo transfer process.

Mainly injectable fertility medications (gonadotropins) are used for an IVF cycle which helps to stimulate a number of follicles with eggs to grow in the ovaries. IVF increases the risk of multiple births if more than one embryo is transferred to the uterus. Also chances of premature delivery and low birth weight. Many critical situations may arise like Miscarriage, Ectopic pregnancy, ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome, Birth defects etc. Egg retrieval carries risks of infection, bleeding, and damage to the bladder. It is expensive, and many insurance plans do not provide coverage for fertility treatment.